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Summary
Vibration exercise is a new neuromuscular training method which is applied in athletes as well as in prevention and therapy of osteoporosis. The present study explored the physiological mechanisms of fatigue by Vibration Exercise in 37 young healthy subjects. Exercise and cardiovascular data were compared to progressive bicycle ergometry until exhaustion. vibration exercise was performed in two sessions, with a 26 Hz vibration on a ground vibration plate, in combination with squatting plus additional load (40% of body weight). After vibration exercise, subjectively perceived exertion on Borg's scale was 18, and thus as high as after bicycle ergometry. Heart rate after vibration exercise increased to, blood pressure to 132/52 mmHg Oxygen uptake
After Vibration Exercise, voluntary force in knee extension was reduced and the decrease of EMG median frequency during maximal voluntary contraction was attenuated. The reproducibility in the two vibration exercise sessions was quite good: for heart rate, oxygen uptake and reduction in jump height, correlation coef(r)cients of values from session 1 and from session 2 were between 0á67 and 0á7. Thus, vibration exercise can be well controlled in terms of these parameters. Surprisingly, an itching erythema was found in about half of the individuals, and an increase in cutaneous blood flow. It follows that exhaustive whole-body VE elicits a mild cardiovascular exertion, and that neural as well as muscular mechanisms of fatigue may play a role.
Introduction
Vibration exercise (VE) is a type of exercise that has recently been developed for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. It elicits neuromuscular training without much effort and in short periods. In ovariectomized rats, Vibration Exercise has been reported as a successful countermeasure against loss of bone mineral (Flieger et al., 1998). Moreover, it is conceiv-able that, depending on the frequency of vibration exercise. Vibration Exercise renders specific training of type II muscle (r)bres possible. At present, several chronic training studies are being conducted in various (r)elds, including sports and training sciences, geriatrics and treatment of osteoporosis (Rubin et al., 1998; Wilhelm et al., 1998; Bosco et al., 1999). We currently work with prototype, in which a platform (vibration plate / power plate) vibrates around a horizontal rotation axis. Exercise is usually performed with both legs, the feet posed equidistant on either side of the rotation axis. Hereby, extensor and ¯exor contractions alternate continuously in the left and the right legs.
There is no direct vertical acceleration to the body's centre of gravity. This reduces passive forces to the joints, but elicits reflexes to stabilize the body posture. In previous experiments, we have ascertained that vibration exercise elicits muscle contractions by recording an electromyogram (EMG). Moreover, oxygen uptake and hence metabolism typically increases during vibration exercise with 26 Hz by about 5 ml body weight, as compared to squatting without vibration exercise (unpublished data). The present study was performed to explore the limits, i.e. the exertion and fatigue effects of exhaustive Vibration exercise (vibration plate, and
how far these limits are reproducible in subsequent exercise sessions. As a comparison, aerobic capacity was determined by progressive bicycle ergometry. Variables of interest were (i) gas exchange and lactate, (ii) heart rate and blood pressure, and (iii) neuromuscular function and fatigue. In addition, skin blood flow was assessed, since in previous experiments some subjects developed an erythema over the activated muscles.
Materials and methods
Subjects and set-upThe study was approved by the ethics committee of the Freie UniversitaÈt Berlin (signature: GALILEO\PHYSIO\AKUT2). The subjects were recruited through our centre by announcements 3 on the campus.
All subjects gave written informed consent before inclusion to the study. They came for three visits, with at least 8 days in between. Forty persons decided to participate. One person was excluded for medical reasons, and two subjects dropped out in the course of the study: 16 females and 21 males were therefore included. The mean age was 23á5 years (SD 2á7 years, no significant difference between sexes). The female subjects were on average and had a weight of 60kg. The males were 181cm tall and weighed 75 kg.
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