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Abstract
Physical exercise is recommended for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. However. its exact role and effectiveness in adulthood is unclear. While vigorous exercise of long duration enhances bone density, few
adult individuals comply with such training programs. The
present srudy evaluates the influence of nonphysiological
mechanical stimulation. In the form of low intensity vibration (frequency: 50 Hz. accelerarton: 2 g. 30 min/day for 5
days/week). on the prevention of bone loss in an animal
model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In the ovariectomised groups of rats a statistically significant ecrease of bone density (femur and tibia) was recorded at
5 weeks postovariecromy. This effect was maintained for
the I2 week duration of the study Vibration prevented early
bone loss after ovariectomy. Vibrared ovariectomised rats
showed statistically significantly higher (p c 0.05) BMD
values compared to those of their ovariectomised controls at
5 weeks. Vibration did not influence the bone density of the
SHAM-operated rats. Although vibration increased ultimate
strength (fracture load of the rat femur) in the ovariectomised rats. this finding was not statistically significant. Our dta indicate that this method of safe and easily applicable ibration. in the form of a vibrating platform. is effective in reventing early postovariectomy bone loss in an animal model
Results
results of the present study confirm the decrease of BMD in ovariectomized rats (7). It is known that ovariectomy in rats stimulates bone remodeling and bone loss [7]. An early post-ovariectomy increased bone remodeling rate that decreases later has been reponed [29. 30]. In our study. bone loss was more pronounced in the early post-ovariectomy period (5 weeks) and in the meraphyseal areas of bone ( R O I 1 = 13.8% and ROI 3 =12. I %-change from the base line). The decrease of BMD was less severe when the whole bone and epiphyseal-metaphyseal areas were considered (ROI 2 = 6.9% and ROI 4 = 7.6%). Vibration prevented this early post-ovariectomy bone loss (5 weeks).
Although the difference was nor statistically significant. vibration also helped ovariectomized rats maintain higher
BMD throughout the duration of the experiment. It must be
stressed that in all groups (even in the ovariectomized ani-
mals after the 5th week) a constant increase of bone mass
was observed. This finding is explained by the fact that.
although rats are considered as adults after the third month
of their life, they keep growing slowly thereafter with
bone modeling being active
[7. 3 1. 32]. The question is how to explain the effects of vibration. The rate of remodeling activity is very low in rats,
but it is activated after ovariectomy. resulting in a negative bone balance [7]. Moreover, ovariectomy increases both the
length of the long bones by stimulation of longitudinal
growth and the inner cross sectional area (cortex) by
stimulation of endosteal bone resorption [32]. These findings
were confirmed by our study. The efficacy of agents and
exercise regimens in the immediate post-ovariectomy pe-
riod can be evaluated in terms of their ability to prevent
bone loss through inhibition of bone turnover (7). Thus. in
seems that vibration exhibits a suppressant effect
on increased bone turnover. From the mechanical point of view the lack of estrogen, which raises the remodeling set
points.causes modeling to stop increasing bone mass and puts remodeling into its disuse mode decreasing bone mass. Vibration, with the application of increased stresses on the
bone. probably switches the remodeiing conservation
mode ON and thus preserves bone (33). On the other hand.
in our study. vibration failed to increase BMD
in the ovariectomized and non ovariectomized rats.
An increase of BMD would only appear if bone modeling was stimulated by the application of vibration_ Modeling is suppressed during the early post-ovariectomy period.
when the osteopenia is developing [7]and for this reason
it is not possible for vibration to increase BMD in ovariectomized rats. Moreover. in this study. vibration did not cause any significant change of BMD in the
non ovariectomized rats, an indication that it does not have an effect on bone modeling. Although nonstatistically significant. vibration showed a tendency to improve the mechanical properties of conical bone. It seems that changes of bone strength may take time to develop (bone remodeling-adaptation) and always follow bone mineral density alterations. Since the improvement of bone strength is more important than positive effects onbone mineral density. further long-term studies evaluating the effects of vibration on bone are necessary.
It must be emphasized that vibration affected Vibration Effects
On Ovariectomized Rat Bone lian bone tissue (rat bone)
in a similar way to theeffect of dynamic loading on avian and turkey bone tissue. The fact that non physiological mechanical stimulation causes analogous bone effects in different species allows for the results to be extrapolated to humans. Such vibration effects could prove useful in the management of human conditions of increased bone turnover and bone loss (e.g.. postmeno-pausal and disuse osteoporosis). The use of low intensity vibration regimens will avoid the potentially harmful effects of this form of nonphysiological mechanical stimulation. Further studies should be conducted to confirm and evaluate the efficacy of different vibration regimens on both cortical and trabecular bone. and to develop durable. easy to use and cost effective vibrating platforms.
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